Synergic Enhancement of High-density Polyethylene through Ultrahigh Molecular Weight Polyethylene and Multi-flow Vibration Injection Molding: A Facile Fabrication with Potential Industrial Prospects

General-purpose plastics with high strength and toughness have been in great demand for structural engineering applications. To achieve the reinforcement and broaden the application scope of high-density polyethylene(HDPE), multi-flow vibration injection molding(MFVIM) and ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene(UHMWPE) are synergistically employed in this work. Herein, the MFVIM has better shear layer control ability and higher fabrication advantage for complex parts than other analogous novel injection molding technologies reported.The reinforcing effect of various filling times and UHMWPE contents as well as the corresponding microstructure evolution are investigated.When 5 wt% UHMWPE is added, MFVIM process with six flow times thickens the shear layer to the whole thickness. The tensile strength and modulus increase to 2.14 and 1.39 times, respectively, compared to neat HDPE on the premise of remaining 70% impact strength. Structural characterizations indicate that the enhancement is attributed to the improvement of shish-kebab content and lamellae compactness, as well as related to the corresponding size distributions of undissolved UHMWPE particles. This novel injection molding technology with great industrial prospects provides a facile and effective strategy to broaden the engineering applications of HDPE materials. Besides, excessive UHMWPE may impair the synergistic enhancement effect, which is also reasonably explained.     

高力学强度细菌纤维素气凝胶纤维的连续化制备

气凝胶纤维因其高外表面积和高柔韧性在能量管理系统中具有潜在应用而引起了广泛关注.但是,目前制备的气凝胶纤维力学强度较低,限制了其实际应用.为提高气凝胶纤维力学性能,在始终保持细菌纤维素(BC)纳米纤维处于湿态下,利用NaOH/尿素/硫脲复合溶剂直接低温溶解原生BC,获得透明的BC纺丝原液;通过湿法纺丝制备了BC水凝胶纤维,经过水洗和冷冻干燥后处理,制得BC气凝胶纤维.采用偏光显微镜(POM)、13C核磁共振(13C-NMR)和高级旋转流变仪研究BC在复合溶剂中的溶解过程与状态;利用全反射傅里叶变换红外吸收光谱(ATR-FTIR)、X射线衍射(XRD)和热失重(TG)研究BC溶解前后结构与性能变化;利用场发射扫描电镜(FESEM)、全自动比表面积和孔径分布分析仪、单丝强力仪对获得的BC气凝胶纤维结构与性能进行表征.结果表明,复合溶剂在?15℃条件下可以直接溶解原生湿态BC,最高溶解浓度为3 wt%;采用湿法纺丝制得高度多孔的连续BC气凝胶纤维,比表面积高达192 m^2/g且具有优异的力学性能,断裂强度和杨氏模量高达(9.36±1.68)MPa和(176±17.55)MPa,如0.4 mg BC气凝胶纤维可以支撑高于其本身质量5×10^4倍的重物.     

Ultrasound-assisted extraction and properties of polysaccharide from Ginkgo biloba leaves

Response surface methodology (RSM) was used to optimize the ultrasound-assisted extraction conditions of Ginkgo biloba leaves polysaccharide (GBLP). The optimum extraction conditions for the ultrasound-assisted extraction of GBLP were obtained as liquid to material ratio of 30 mL/g, ultrasonic power of 340 W, and extraction time of 50 min. Under these conditions, the yield of GBLP was 5.37 %. Two chemically modified polysaccharides, CM-GBLP and Ac-GBLP, were obtained by carboxymethylation and acetylation of GBLP. The physicochemical properties of these three polysaccharides were comparatively studied and their in vitro antioxidant activities were evaluated comprehensively. The results showed that the solubility of the chemically modified polysaccharides was significantly enhanced and the in vitro antioxidant activity was somewhat improved. This suggests that carboxymethylation and acetylation are effective methods to enhance polysaccharide properties, but the results exhibited some uncontrollability. At the same time, GBLP has also shown high potential for research and application.     

丙烯酸水溶液聚合法制备PTFE/PAA/Nafion膜及其性能

采用廉价的多孔聚四氟乙烯(PTFE)膜作为基底, 用少量的Nafion与PTFE膜复合可制备低成本的质子膜. 但疏水性的PTFE膜与亲水性的Nafion膜结合性不佳. 基于此, 本文对疏水性的PTFE膜材料表面进行设计, 先采用丙烯酸对疏水性的PTFE膜表面进行亲水性改性, 再喷涂亲水性Nafion膜, 完成低成本PTFE/PAA/Nafion膜的制备. 实验结果表明, 改性前的PTFE膜材料水接触角为150°, 改性后的膜接触角变为55.6°, 亲水性大幅上升, 膜的机械强度和尺寸稳定性(断裂强度为25.2 MPa, 80 ℃下的溶胀率为11.9%)均优于Nafion117膜, 而 Nafion用量则节省了60%. PTFE/PAA/Nafion膜具有高质子导通率(80 ℃下达到131.9 mS/cm), 接近于Nafion117膜, 最大功率密度可以达到404.2 mW/cm².     

机械球磨制备三苯胺基PAF-106s及C2烃吸附性质

以三苯胺为单体, 无水三氯化铁为催化剂, 二甲醇缩甲醛为外交联剂, 通过机械球磨不同比例的三苯胺、 三氯化铁和二甲醇缩甲醛, 合成了PAF-106s(PAF-106a~PAF-106c, PAF: porous aromatic framework). 红外光谱、 元素分析、 X射线光电子能谱和固体核磁共振波谱等表征结果证明发生了聚合反应. 氮气吸附结果表明, 三苯胺、 三氯化铁和二甲醇缩甲醛的比例影响PAF-106s的多孔性能. 三氯化铁和三苯胺摩尔比从3∶1增加到12∶1时, PAF-106c的BET比表面积从PAF-106a的135 m²/g增加到280 m²/g. 引入二甲醇缩甲醛后, PAF- 106d~PAF-106g的BET比表面积随三氯化铁和二甲醇缩甲醛摩尔比的增加而逐渐降低. 在273和298 K下, 测试了PAF-106c的C2烃吸附性能, 并采用理想吸附溶液理论计算了C₂H₂/C₂H₄和C₂H₆/C₂H₄分离比.     

层间共价增强石墨烯材料的构筑、性能与应用

大批量石墨烯可控制备技术的逐渐成熟为实现其宏观组装和应用提供了基础。在众多的组装策略中,调节石墨烯层间的界面相互作用可以直接影响组装体的力学、电学、热学以及渗透等性质,具有重要的意义。石墨烯片层间以共价键连接的层间共价石墨烯材料以其可调的层间距、较强的层间作用力、丰富的功能化、以及可能的原子构型重排等特性,受到了广泛的关注和深入的研究。相比于其他非共价的键合手段,共价连接是一种更为牢固的枢纽。本文中我们将总结讨论层间共价石墨烯材料的构筑方法、性能以及应用。在构筑方法中,依据石墨烯本身的制备方法分为氧化还原法以及化学气相沉积法,而在氧化还原法中,以其宏观材料的形貌分为纸状和纤维状来讨论。接着,我们重点介绍了层间共价对其力学和电学性能的影响,并概述了此类宏观组装体材料的应用。层间共价石墨烯材料继承了石墨烯自身优异的特性,同时也具有宏观组装所赋予的性能,有望在多个领域得到广泛的应用。     

Energy release rates in a constrained epoxy disc with Hookean and Mooney–Rivlin materials

Assuming that the disc material can be modeled either as Mooney–Rivlin or as Hookean and the steel ring enclosing the disc as Hookean, the energy release rates as a function of the crack length are evaluated and compared. Two loadings are considered––one in which the surface of the star shape hole in the disc is loaded by a uniform pressure and the other in which the temperature of the composite body is uniformly raised. It is found that the linear and the nonlinear analyses give qualitatively similar results for the two loadings. For each load, the energy release rate increases with an increase in the starter crack length, reaches a maximum value and then decreases gradually.     

Elasticity and Electromagnetism

Classical electrodynamics can be constructed formally as the theory of a linear elastic continuum. The Coulomb gauge expresses the medium incompressibility. The vector potential corresponds to the medium velocity. The pressure stands for the scalar potential. The electric field is modelled by an external force whose origin is beyond the elastic model. The electric charge corresponds to a medium defect which produces the perturbation ~ 1/r of the pressure field. The defects interact with each other according to the conservation law in the torsion field of the medium.     

Model identification and FE simulations: Effect of different yield loci and hardening laws in sheet forming

The bi-axial experimental equipment [Flores, P., Rondia, E., Habraken, A.M., 2005a. Development of an experimental equipment for the identification of constitutive laws (Special Issue). International Journal of Forming Processes] developed by Flores enables to perform Bauschinger shear tests and successive or simultaneous simple shear tests and plane strain tests. Flores investigates the material behavior with the help of classical tensile tests and the ones performed in his bi-axial machine in order to identify the yield locus and the hardening model. With tests performed on one steel grade, the methods applied to identify classical yield surfaces such as [Hill, R., 1948. A theory of the yielding and plastic flow of anisotropic materials. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London A 193, 281–297; Hosford, W.F., 1979. On yield loci of anisotropic cubic metals. In: Proceedings of the 7th North American Metalworking Conf. (NMRC), SME, Dearborn, MI, pp. 191–197] ones as well as isotropic Swift type hardening, kinematic Armstrong–Frederick or Teodosiu and Hu hardening models are explained. Comparison with the Taylor–Bishop–Hill yield locus is also provided. The effect of both yield locus and hardening model choices is presented for two applications: plane strain tensile test and Single Point Incremental Forming (SPIF).     

Thermal and mechanical analysis of material response to non-steady ramp and steady shock wave loading

Ramp wave experiments on the Sandia Z accelerator provide a new approach to study the rapid compression response of materials at pressures, temperatures and stress or strain rates not attainable in conventional shock experiments. Due to its shockless nature, the ramp wave experiment is often termed as an isentropic (or quasi-isentropic) compression experiment (ICE). However, in reality there is always some entropy produced when materials are subjected to large amplitude compression even under shockless loading. The entropy production mechanisms that cause deformation to deviate from the isentropic process can be attributed to mechanical and thermal dissipations. The former is due to inelasticity associated with various deformation mechanisms and the rate effect that is inherent in all the deformation processes and the latter is due to irreversible heat conduction. The main purpose of the current study is to gain insights into the effects of ramp and shock loading on the entropy production and thermomechanical responses of materials. Another purpose is to investigate the role of heat conduction in the material response to both the non-steady ramp wave and steady shock.Numerical simulations are used to address the aforementioned research objectives. The thermomechanical response associated with a steady shock wave is investigated first by solving a set of nonlinear ordinary differential equations. Using the steady wave solutions as the reference, the material responses under non-steady ramp waves are then studied with numerical wave propagation simulation. It is demonstrated that the material response to ramp and shock loading is essentially a manifestation of the interaction between the time scale associated with the loading and the intrinsic time scales associated with mechanical deformation and heat transfer. At lower loading rates as encountered in ramp loading, the loading path is closer to an isentrope and results in lower entropy production. The reasonable ramp rate to obtain a quasi-isentropic state depends on the intrinsic time scales of the dissipation mechanisms which are strongly material dependent. Thus shockless loading does not necessarily produce an isentropic response. Between two equilibrium states, heat conduction was shown to have significant effect on the temperature history but it contributes little to the overall temperature change if the specific heat remains constant. It also affects the history of entropy, but only the irreversible part of heat conduction contributes to the net entropy change. The various types of thermomechanical responses of materials would manifest themselves more significantly in terms of the thermal history than the mechanical history. Thus temperature measurement appears to be an important experimental tool in distinguishing the various mechanisms for the thermomechancial responses of the materials.